ANSWER 1

Written response:

Fisheries management can become more flexible by integrating real-time data and embracing adaptive strategies that respond to seasonal and ecological variability, as well as long term change. Dynamic ocean management is one approach, where the management rules are adjusted in response to the presence (or absence) of a species. These approaches are suitable for species that can be tracked (such as tuna or turtles), or where there is real-time data from fishing vessels, such as electronic monitoring, and automated catch reporting. These data can then be used for decisions on spatial closures, gear restrictions, or effort limits. For example, if bycatch of a vulnerable species spikes in a particular area, managers can implement temporary closures or adjust fishing zones immediately.
Seasonal adaptation also requires flexible regulatory frameworks. Instead of rigid annual quotas, harvest control rules can be designed to adjust catch limits based on in-season stock assessments or environmental indicators like sea surface temperature or prey abundance. Technological advances, including machine learning and predictive modelling, can forecast stock movements and ecosystem changes, allowing proactive rather than reactive management. However, flexibility must be balanced with accountability. Transparent data-sharing, robust monitoring, and clear decision-making protocols are critical to ensure that adaptive measures are both effective and equitable.